Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Articles

Vol. 7 No. 1 (2023): Halu Oleo Law Review: Volume 7 Issue 1

Investasi dan Transaksi di Marketplace Non–Fungible Token: Peluang dan Risiko Hukum

DOI
https://doi.org/10.33561/holrev.v7i1.17
Submitted
March 31, 2023
Published
2023-03-31

Abstract

Non-fungible Token atau NFT telah mengambil perhatian masyarakat umum. Sekarang, publik berlomba-lomba untuk mencari cara untuk menjual dan membeli NFT sebagai bentuk investasi. Fenomena ini memiliki risiko dan peluang. Untuk itu, penelitian hukum ini akan menganalisis NFT dengan regulasi yang telah ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal. Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk membahas potensi NFT secara hukum dan apakah hukum nasional siap untuk perubahan ini. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan adanya pelanggaran kekayaan intelektual (hak cipta) yang selalu diperdebatkan di NFT. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat harus dididik sebelum mencoba mendalami NFT. NFT cenderung menjanjikan tetapi menurut penelitian ini, NFT memiliki beberapa celah yang dapat mengakibatkan masalah hukum seperti penipuan, pencucian uang, dan penghindaran pajak. Maka, pemerintah perlu mengambil tindakan pencegahan dan pengawasan di pasar NFT untuk memastikan keamanan serta tidak terjadinya pelanggaran saat menggunakan platform NFT.

References

  1. Ahmad, Zoya, dan M. S. Minu. “Stablecoins: The Next Big Thing in E-Commerce.” International Scientific Journal of Contemporary Research in Engineering Science and Management 6, No. 1 (2021).
  2. Andrew, Trevor. “Gucci Ghost Yellow Aqua #27/45.” Nifty Gateway. Last modified 2020. Diakses Februari 5, 2022. https://www.niftygateway.com/marketplace/item/ 0x4140783cc1ba30653a0777126b122931e233ba14/1300010027.
  3. Arianto, Henry. “Hukum Responsif dan Penegakan Hukum di Indonesia.” Lex Jurnalica 7, No. 2 (2010).
  4. Catalini, Christian, dan Joshua S. Gans. Initial coin offerings and the value of crypto tokens. National Bureau of Economic Research (NEBR) Working Papers, 2018.
  5. Chohan, Usman W. “Non-Fungible Tokens: Blockchains, Scarcity, and Value.” SSRN Electronic Journal (2021). https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3822743.
  6. Clark, Mitchell. “NFTs, explained.” The Verge. Last modified 2021. Diakses Februari 5, 2022. https://www.theverge.com/22310188/nft-explainer-what-is-blockchain-crypto-art-faq.
  7. Dirgantara, Hikma. “Wow, harga Bitcoin berhasil tembus level all time high.” Diedit oleh Herlina Kartika Dewi. Kontan.co.id. Last modified 2021. Diakses Januari 28, 2022. https://investasi.kontan.co.id/news/wow-harga-bitcoin-berhasil-tembus-level-all-time-high.
  8. Disemadi, Hari Sutra. “Lenses of Legal Research: A Descriptive Essay on Legal Research Methodologies.” Journal of Judicial Review 24, No. 2 (November 30, 2022): 289. https://journal.uib.ac.id/index.php/jjr/article/view/7280.
  9. Disemadi, Hari Sutra, dan Delvin. “Kajian Praktik Money Laundering dan Tax Avoidance dalam Transaksi Cryptocurrency di Indonesia.” NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 8, No. 3 (2021).
  10. Dowling, Michael. “Fertile LAND: Pricing non-fungible tokens.” Finance Research Letters 44 (Januari 2022): 102096. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1544612 32100177X.
  11. ———. “Is non-fungible token pricing driven by cryptocurrencies?” Finance Research Letters 44 (Januari 2022): 102097. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S1544612321001781.
  12. Ethereum Contributors. “ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard.” Ethereum. Last modified 2021. Diakses Februari 5, 2022. https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-721/.
  13. Fairfield, Joshua. “Tokenized: The Law of Non-Fungible Tokens and Unique Digital Property.” Indiana Law Journal (2021): 1–99. https://papers.ssrn.com/ abstract=3821102%0Ahttps://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3821102.
  14. Hassan, Qusay. Internet of things A to Z : technologies and applications. Internet of things A to Z : technologies and applications. 1st editio. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2018.
  15. Janssens, Marie-Christine, dan Jozefien Vanherpe. “Non-Fungible Tokens and Copyright: crypto-buyer beware ….” Centre for IT & IP Law Faculty of Law and Criminology of the University of Leuven. Last modified 2021. Diakses Januari 28, 2022. https://www.law.kuleuven.be/citip/blog/non-fungible-tokens-and-copyright-crypto-buyer-beware/.
  16. Johnson, Jackie. “Bitcoin and Ethereum: Twins, Cousins or Just Good Friends?” SSRN Electronic Journal (2021). https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3986572.
  17. Kapoor, Arnav, Dipanwita Guhathakurta, Mehul Mathur, Rupanshu Yadav, Manish Gupta, dan Ponnurangam Kumaraguru. “TweetBoost: Influence of Social Media on NFT Valuation” (Januari 20, 2022). http://arxiv.org/abs/2201.08373.
  18. Kong, De-Rong, dan Tse-Chun Lin. “Alternative investments in the Fintech era: The risk and return of Non-Fungible Token (NFT).” SSRN Electronic Journal (2021). https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3914085.
  19. Kurniawati, Lestari. “Agresivitas Pajak dan Maturitas Utang.” JURNAL PAJAK INDONESIA (Indonesian Tax Review) 1, No. 1 (November 28, 2017). https://jurnal.pknstan.ac.id/index.php/JPI/article/view/176.
  20. Kurniawati, Melliana, dan Agus Rianto Toly. “Analisis Keadilan Pajak, Biaya Kepatuhan dan Tarif Pajak terhadap Persepsi Wajib Pajak Mengenai Penggelapan Pajak di Surabaya Barat.” Tax & Accounting Review 4, No. 2 (2014).
  21. Laksana, Nur Chandra. “Apa itu Industri 4.0 dan bagaimana Indonesia menyongsongnya.” Diedit oleh Lalu Ahmad Hamdani. Tek.ID. Last modified 2019. Diakses Januari 25, 2022. https://www.tek.id/tek/apa-itu-industri-4-0-dan-bagaimana-indonesia-menyongsongnya-b1Xbl9d4L.
  22. Lizerbram, David. “NFTs & Copyright Law.” David Lizerbram & Associates. Last modified 2021. Diakses Januari 28, 2022. https://www.lizerbramlaw.com/2021/03/11/ nfts-copyright-law/.
  23. Low, Kelvin F.K. “The Emperor’s New Art: Cryptomania, Art & Property.” SSRN Electronic Journal (2021). https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3978241.
  24. Mazorra, Bruno, Victor Adan, dan Vanesa Daza. “Do not rug on me: Zero-dimensional Scam Detection” (Januari 16, 2022). http://arxiv.org/abs/2201.07220.
  25. Meth, Michael. “Blockchain in libraries.” Library Technology Reports 55, No. 8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5860/ltr.55n8.
  26. Mumtaha, Hani Atun, dan Halwa Annisa Khoiri. “Analisis Dampak Perkembangan Revolusi Industri 4.0 dan Society 5.0 Pada Perilaku Masyarakat Ekonomi (E-Commerce).” JURNAL PILAR TEKNOLOGI : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Ilmu Teknik 4, No. 2 (November 7, 2019). http://pilar.unmermadiun.ac.id/index.php/pilarteknologi/article/view/39.
  27. Nakamoto, Satoshi. “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” 2008.
  28. Parta, I Wayan Seriyoga. “Pengoleksian Karya Seni Rupa sebagai Gaya Hidup.” Jurnal Imaji Maranatha 4, No. 2 (2009).
  29. Permadi, Dedy. “Pengawasan Kementerian Kominfo terhadap Kegiatan Transaksi Non-Fungible Token (NFT) di Indonesia.” Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia. Last modified 2022. Diakses Maret 2, 2022. https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/39402/siaran-pers-no-9hmkominfo012022-tentang-pengawasan-kementerian-kominfo-terhadap-kegiatan-transaksi-non-fungible-token-nft-di-indonesia/0/siaran_pers.
  30. Priyo Amboro, Yudhi, dan Agustina Christi. “Prospek Pengaturan Cryptocurrency sebagai Mata Uang Virtual di Indonesia (Studi Perbandingan Hukum Jepang dan Singapura).” Journal of Judicial Review 21, No. 02 (Desember 2, 2019). https://journal.uib.ac.id/index.php/jjr/article/view/665.
  31. Rizki, Mochamad Januar. “Pahami Risiko Hukum dalam Transaksi Non-Fungible Token.” HukumOnline.com. Last modified 2022. Diakses Januari 20, 2022. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/pahami-risiko-hukum-dalam-transaksi-non-fungible-token-lt61e4eb44beaa8/?page=all.
  32. Rosenberg, Eric. “What are Altcoins?” The Balance. Last modified 2022. Diakses Januari 25, 2022. https://www.thebalancemoney.com/altcoins-a-basic-guide-391206.
  33. Schaar, Luisa, dan Stylianos Kampakis. “Non-fungible Tokens as an Alternative Investment – Evidence from CryptoPunks.” The Journal of The British Blockchain Association 5, No. 1 (April 1, 2022): 1–12. https://jbba.scholasticahq.com/article/31949-non-fungible-tokens-as-an-alternative-investment-evidence-from-cryptopunks.
  34. Schneider, Tim. “The Gray Market: How a Brazen Hack of That $69 Million Beeple Revealed the True Vulnerability of the NFT Market (and Other Insights).” Artnet. Last modified 2021. Diakses Februari 5, 2022. https://news.artnet.com/opinion/ sleepminting-nftheft-monsieur-personne-1960744.
  35. Spending, Double. “No Title.” Pintu. Diakses Januari 28, 2022. https://pintu.co.id/academy/glossary/double-spending.
  36. Taufiq, Rohmat, Meyliana, Achmad Nizar Hidayanto, dan Harjanto Prabowo. “The Affecting Factors of Blockchain Technology Adoption of Payments Systems in Indonesia Banking Industry.” In 2018 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech). IEEE, 2018. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ document/8528104/.
  37. Utomo, Pudjo. “Omnibus Law: Dalam Perspektif Hukum Responsif.” Nurani Hukum 2, No. 1 (Mei 18, 2020): 33. https://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/nhk/ article/view/8168.
  38. Wang, Qin, Rujia Li, Qi Wang, dan Shiping Chen. “Non-Fungible Token (NFT): Overview, Evaluation, Opportunities and Challenges” (Mei 16, 2021). http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.07447.
  39. Wang, Zeli, Hai Jin, Weiqi Dai, Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo, dan Deqing Zou. “Ethereum smart contract security research: survey and future research opportunities.” Frontiers of Computer Science 15 (2020).
  40. Wise, Jason. “NFT Statistics 2022: Market Size, Growth, Sales & Trends.” Earthweb. Last modified 2021. Diakses Februari 5, 2022. https://earthweb.com/nft-statistics/?utm_source=nonfungible.
  41. Yongkie, Yongkie, dan Hari Sutra Disemadi. “Non-Fungible Tokens as Jurisdictionless Innovation: Legal Vacuum, Loopholes, Potentials and Solutions.” Widya Yuridika 6, No. 1 (Desember 2, 2022). http://publishing-widyagama.ac.id/ejournal-v2/index.php/yuridika/article/view/4035.
  42. Zheng, Zibin, Shaoan Xie, Hong Ning Dai, Xiangping Chen, dan Huaimin Wang. “Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey.” International Journal of Web and Grid Services 14, No. 4 (2018): 352. http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=95647.
  43. Zou, Weiqin, David Lo, Pavneet Singh Kochhar, Xuan-Bach Dinh Le, Xin Xia, Yang Feng, Zhenyu Chen, dan Baowen Xu. “Smart Contract Development: Challenges and Opportunities.” IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 47, No. 10 (Oktober 1, 2021). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8847638/.
  44. “Ketentuan dan Persyaratan Indodax.com.” Indodax.com. Last modified 2022. Diakses Februari 5, 2022. https://help.indodax.com/hc/id/articles/4416650994585-Ketentuan-dan-Persyaratan-Indodax-com.
  45. “Market Overview.” NonFungible Corporation. Last modified 2022. Diakses Februari 5, 2022. https://nonfungible.com/market/history.
  46. “Non-Fungible Tokens: How Dollar Digital Currency Powers the New NFT Economy.” Circle. Last modified 2022. Diakses Februari 5, 2022. https://www.circle.com/en/digital-dollar-stablecoin-solutions-for-non-fungible-tokens.
  47. “TKO Token Litepaper V2.” Tokocrypto. Last modified 2021. Diakses Februari 5, 2022. https://www.tokocrypto.com/cdn/pdf/TKO Litepaper V2.0.pdf?utm_source= TKOLandingPage&utm_medium=textlink&utm_campaign=TKO_Launch.
  48. “TokoMall Terus Kembangkan Pasar NFT.” The Iconomist. Last modified 2022. Diakses Januari 25, 2022. https://www.theiconomics.com/accelerated-growth/tokomall-terus-kembangkan-pasar-nft/.